{
  "_meta": {
    "purpose": "Canonical registry of every external document this site cites. Articles reference these by id via data-src on each Sources list item, so a citation cannot exist without a resolvable, dated entry here.",
    "why": "Most articles previously cited an institution rather than a document with a vintage. 'IMF World Economic Outlook' stays literally true forever while the figures under it are superseded twice a year, which is how stale numbers survived five weeks of manual sweeps.",
    "rules": [
      "Every entry needs institution, document, url (or urlUnavailable with a reason), and retrieved.",
      "vintage is required for any source that is republished on a cycle. It is compared against the dataset vintage.",
      "retrieved is the date a human last confirmed the document says what we cite it for. It is not the deploy date.",
      "A 403 from an automated check is not rot. IMF and CBO block datacenter IPs; only 404/410/DNS failure counts.",
      "cyclical:true marks a document republished at least annually. Only those are compared against the dataset vintage -- a statute, a court decision or a one-off programme review is dated by nature, not stale."
    ],
    "lastReviewed": "2026-08-27"
  },
  "sources": {
    "imf-weo-2026-10": {
      "institution": "International Monetary Fund",
      "document": "World Economic Outlook database, October 2026",
      "vintage": "2026-10",
      "url": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO",
      "retrieved": "2026-10-14",
      "supports": "General government gross debt (GGXWDG), nominal GDP (NGDP, NGDPD) baselines for 131 of the 135 tracked sovereigns (128 on 15 October; Lebanon and Ecuador's end-2025 stock added 16 October, Senegal's 17 October), and the 59 further reporters in the world aggregate.",
      "notes": "PUBLICATION_DATE 2026-10-13T02:00:00Z in the SDMX response. Pulled via api.imf.org with _fetch_weo.mjs; data.imf.org returns 403 to non-browser clients. Re-base applied 2026-10-15 (rebase-2026-10-decisions.md).",
      "cyclical": true
    },
    "imf-weo-2026-04": {
      "institution": "International Monetary Fund",
      "document": "World Economic Outlook database, April 2026",
      "vintage": "2026-04",
      "url": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-19",
      "supports": "General government gross debt (GGXWDG), nominal GDP (NGDP, NGDPD) baselines for 129 of the 137 tracked sovereigns, and the 58 further reporters in the world aggregate. Superseded on 2026-10-15 by the October 2026 vintage; still the vintage cited by articles written before then, and still the source for countries the October vintage did not cover (Senegal).",
      "notes": "Pulled via the SDMX API at api.imf.org; data.imf.org returns 403 to non-browser clients.",
      "cyclical": true
    },
    "imf-fiscal-monitor": {
      "institution": "International Monetary Fund",
      "document": "Fiscal Monitor",
      "vintage": "2026-04",
      "url": "https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/FM",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-19",
      "supports": "Context on deficits, interest burdens and the debt-to-GDP distribution. Not a source for any counter value.",
      "notes": "The world debt-to-GDP figure on this site is derived from our own aggregate, NOT taken from the Fiscal Monitor, which covers a different country set.",
      "cyclical": true
    },
    "imf-cofer": {
      "institution": "International Monetary Fund",
      "document": "Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER)",
      "vintage": "2026-03",
      "url": "https://data.imf.org/en/datasets/IMF.STA:COFER",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-18",
      "supports": "Reserve currency shares in the dedollarization article.",
      "notes": "Quarterly. 2026 Q1 was the latest release at retrieval; Q2 had not been published. Post-November-2025 methodology: unallocated reserves eliminated, imputed coverage.",
      "cyclical": true
    },
    "imf-ecf-zambia-6": {
      "institution": "International Monetary Fund",
      "document": "Zambia, Extended Credit Facility sixth review",
      "vintage": "2026-01",
      "url": null,
      "urlUnavailable": "Country programme documents are published per-review under a country page; no stable direct link recorded at retrieval time.",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-27",
      "supports": "Zambia public debt near 91% of GDP after restructuring."
    },
    "imf-ecf-somalia-4": {
      "institution": "International Monetary Fund",
      "document": "Somalia: Fourth Review Under the Extended Credit Facility Arrangement (IMF Country Report No. 25/335)",
      "vintage": "2025-12",
      "url": "https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2025/english/1somea2025002-source-pdf.pdf",
      "retrieved": "2026-10-16",
      "supports": "Somalia's baseline: total public debt US$1,155.2 million at end-2025 (8.9% of GDP), LIC-DSA; growth rate from DSA Table 2 (8.7% of GDP in 2026) and Table 6a (nominal GDP $13,916m in 2026) = 1.76 $/s."
    },
    "imf-staff-lebanon-2024": {
      "institution": "International Monetary Fund",
      "document": "Staff estimate of Lebanese general government debt",
      "vintage": "2024",
      "url": null,
      "urlUnavailable": "Staff estimate cited in Article IV context; no standalone document link recorded.",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-27",
      "supports": "Lebanon at roughly 164% of GDP. Lebanon has been in sovereign default since March 2020.",
      "notes": "Two years older than the dataset vintage. Flagged deliberately: it is the most recent figure published, and the country page says so."
    },
    "wb-open-data": {
      "institution": "World Bank",
      "document": "World Bank Open Data",
      "url": "https://data.worldbank.org",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-19",
      "supports": "Population denominators and cross-checks on GDP."
    },
    "wb-databank": {
      "institution": "World Bank",
      "document": "DataBank",
      "url": "https://databank.worldbank.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-19",
      "supports": "Series-level lookups behind the population and GDP figures."
    },
    "wb-mpo-2026-04": {
      "institution": "World Bank",
      "document": "Macro Poverty Outlook",
      "vintage": "2026-04",
      "url": null,
      "urlUnavailable": "Published as a per-country PDF set; no stable direct link recorded at retrieval time.",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-27",
      "supports": "The Libya debt estimate.",
      "cyclical": true
    },
    "bis": {
      "institution": "Bank for International Settlements",
      "document": "BIS statistics portal",
      "url": "https://www.bis.org",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-19",
      "supports": "Cross-border credit and debt-securities context."
    },
    "bis-triennial-2025": {
      "institution": "Bank for International Settlements",
      "document": "Triennial Central Bank Survey, April 2025",
      "vintage": "2025-04",
      "url": "https://www.bis.org/publications/triennial-central-bank-survey-foreign-exchange-and-over-the-counter-otc-derivatives-markets-2025",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-18",
      "supports": "Foreign exchange turnover by currency."
    },
    "bis-gli-2026-04": {
      "institution": "Bank for International Settlements",
      "document": "Global Liquidity Indicators, end-2025 data released April 2026",
      "vintage": "2026-04",
      "url": "https://data.bis.org/topics/GLI",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-18",
      "supports": "Offshore US dollar credit.",
      "cyclical": true
    },
    "us-treasury-fiscaldata": {
      "institution": "US Department of the Treasury",
      "document": "Fiscal Data — Debt to the Penny",
      "url": "https://fiscaldata.treasury.gov",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-19",
      "supports": "The US total public debt baseline, which is deliberately not on the WEO basis."
    },
    "us-treasury": {
      "institution": "US Department of the Treasury",
      "document": "Treasury.gov",
      "url": "https://home.treasury.gov/",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-19",
      "supports": "Debt ceiling and issuance background."
    },
    "cbo": {
      "institution": "Congressional Budget Office",
      "document": "Budget and Economic Outlook, FY2026 deficit projection",
      "vintage": "2026",
      "url": "https://www.cbo.gov",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-19",
      "supports": "The US growth rate of $60,200 per second.",
      "notes": "cbo.gov returns 403 to automated clients; this is bot-blocking, not rot."
    },
    "mof-japan": {
      "institution": "Ministry of Finance, Japan",
      "document": "MOF Japan, English portal",
      "url": "https://www.mof.go.jp/english/",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-19",
      "supports": "Japanese government debt in yen, cross-check on the JPY local-currency series."
    },
    "ecb-2026-06": {
      "institution": "European Central Bank",
      "document": "Analysis of official reserve asset composition, June 2026; Financial Stability Review",
      "vintage": "2026-06",
      "url": null,
      "urlUnavailable": "Cited from the publication text; no stable direct link recorded at retrieval time.",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-18",
      "supports": "Reserve composition commentary in the dedollarization article."
    },
    "wgc-2026-05": {
      "institution": "World Gold Council",
      "document": "Central bank gold statistics, year to 31 May 2026",
      "vintage": "2026-05",
      "url": null,
      "urlUnavailable": "Statistics are published behind a dashboard; no stable direct link recorded.",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-18",
      "supports": "Central bank gold holdings versus US Treasuries."
    },
    "eiu-cuba": {
      "institution": "Economist Intelligence Unit and World Bank",
      "document": "Cuba public debt estimates",
      "url": null,
      "urlUnavailable": "EIU is subscription-only; the World Bank component is covered by wb-open-data.",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-27",
      "supports": "The 109–120% of GDP range cited for Cuba. Superseded 16 October 2026: no sourced figure exists for Cuba, which is no longer in the dataset."
    },
    "scotus-learning-resources": {
      "institution": "Supreme Court of the United States",
      "document": "Learning Resources v. Trump, decided 20 February 2026",
      "vintage": "2026-02",
      "url": null,
      "urlUnavailable": "Slip opinion; no permanent citation recorded at retrieval time.",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-18",
      "supports": "Tariff-authority context in the dedollarization article."
    },
    "genius-act": {
      "institution": "United States Congress",
      "document": "GENIUS Act, Public Law 119-27, signed 18 July 2025",
      "vintage": "2025-07",
      "url": null,
      "urlUnavailable": "Public law text; no link recorded at retrieval time.",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-18",
      "supports": "Stablecoin legislation context in the dedollarization article."
    },
    "gdc-dataset": {
      "institution": "Global Debt Clock",
      "document": "data/debt.json — the dataset behind every counter on this site",
      "url": "https://www.global-debt-clock.com/data/debt.json",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-27",
      "supports": "Every figure derived on this site. Self-referential by design: it is the artefact, not an external claim."
    },
    "gdc-internal": {
      "institution": "Global Debt Clock",
      "document": "Another page on this site",
      "url": "https://www.global-debt-clock.com/insights/",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-27",
      "supports": "Cross-references between articles. Carries no external claim of its own; whatever it points at is itself registered."
    },
    "gdc-methodology": {
      "institution": "Global Debt Clock",
      "document": "Methodology",
      "url": "https://www.global-debt-clock.com/methodology/",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-27",
      "supports": "How baselines and rates are constructed, and the limits of linear extrapolation."
    },
    "imf-aiv-china-2025": {
      "institution": "International Monetary Fund",
      "document": "People's Republic of China: 2025 Article IV Consultation (Executive Board concluded 13 February 2026; Staff Country Report 2026/044)",
      "vintage": "2026-02",
      "url": "https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2026/02/18/pr-26053-china-imf-executive-board-concludes-2025-article-iv-consultation",
      "retrieved": "2026-10-16",
      "supports": "Augmented debt (incl. LGFVs and other off-budget funds) 126.6% of GDP in 2025, rising to 153.7% by 2030 — Selected Economic Indicators in the press release.",
      "notes": "The authorities dispute the augmented perimeter. The narrow general-government figure on this site (99%) is IMF WEO GGXWDG; the press-release row labelled Government debt (68.4%) is the official budgetary measure, a third definition.",
      "cyclical": true
    },
    "imf-cr-26-80-yemen": {
      "institution": "International Monetary Fund",
      "document": "Republic of Yemen: 2025 Article IV Consultation (IMF Country Report No. 26/80)",
      "vintage": "2026-04",
      "url": "https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2026/english/1yemea2026001-source-pdf.pdf",
      "retrieved": "2026-10-16",
      "supports": "Yemen's baseline: central government public and publicly guaranteed debt US$9,608 million at end-June 2025, 135.0% of GDP of IRG-controlled areas (DSA Text Table 1; about 62% of whole-country GDP per footnote 9)."
    },
    "wb-syria-mfa-2025": {
      "institution": "World Bank",
      "document": "Syria Macro-Fiscal Assessment",
      "vintage": "2025-06",
      "url": "https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099844407042516353/pdf/IDU-6adac64c-c9b1-472e-8183-ae600f64fa78.pdf",
      "retrieved": "2026-10-16",
      "supports": "Syria's baseline: total debt about US$27 billion at end-2024 (128% of GDP), of which US$22.3 billion external, per the Central Bank of Syria."
    },
    "imf-ven-reengagement-2026": {
      "institution": "International Monetary Fund",
      "document": "FAQ: IMF Reengagement with Venezuela",
      "vintage": "2026-04-21",
      "url": "https://www.imf.org/en/countries/ven/faq-imf-reengagement-with-venezuela",
      "retrieved": "2026-10-16",
      "supports": "IMF resumed dealings with Venezuela on 16 April 2026; first priority is helping it resume producing economic data. Cited on /ve/."
    },
    "reuters-venezuela-2026-05": {
      "institution": "Reuters",
      "document": "Explainer: Venezuela starts giant debt rework, but hurdles remain (Karin Strohecker, 15 May 2026)",
      "vintage": "2026-05-15",
      "url": "https://www.investing.com/news/economy-news/explainervenezuela-starts-giant-debt-rework-but-hurdles-remain-4692820",
      "retrieved": "2026-10-16",
      "supports": "About $60 billion of government and PDVSA bonds in default; analysts estimate total liabilities could top $150 billion; no government total published. Cited on /ve/."
    },
    "crs-debt-limit": {
      "institution": "Congressional Research Service",
      "document": "The Debt Limit (In Focus IF10292), version 22",
      "vintage": "Updated September 21, 2026",
      "url": "https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF10292",
      "retrieved": "2026-10-17",
      "supports": "The $41.1 trillion statutory limit set by P.L. 119-21 (a $5.0 trillion increase, July 2025); debt subject to limit is more than 99% of total federal debt and was $40.0 trillion on August 31, 2026; projections have borrowing approaching the limit sometime in FY2027.",
      "notes": "Read from the PDF (IF10292.22.pdf) on 2026-10-17."
    }
  }
}